Click the Virtual machines icon. In the Create a virtual machine window that opens, enter the requested information on the Basics tab. Virtual machine name — ngx-plus See Step 7 below for the other instance names. Availability options — No infrastructure redundancy required.
This option is sufficient for a demo like the one in this guide. For production deployments, you might want to select a more robust option; we recommend deploying a copy of each VM in a different Availability Zone. For more information, see the Azure documentation. Image — Ubuntu Server Azure Spot instance — No. Authentication type — SSH public key. Public inbound ports — Allow selected ports. As much as possible should be owned by root and set unwritable.
If your server will bind port 80 or any other port in range [] , give the chrooted executable permission to bind these ports without root. Before modifying the nginx. This means upgrading nginx would not modify your custom. The systemd unit must be changed to start up nginx in the chroot, as the http user, and store the pid file in the chroot. If you do not remove the non-chrooted nginx installation, you may want to make sure that the running nginx process is in fact the chrooted one.
Edit nginx. Then we need to ensure that user has access to everything it needs. Follow the subsections below and then start nginx. Linux does not permit non- root processes to bind to ports below by default. A port above can be used:.
Alternatively, you can use systemd socket activation. In this case, systemd will listen on the ports and, when a connection is made, spawn nginx passing the socket as a file descriptor.
This means nginx requires no special capabilities as the socket already exists when it is started. This relies on an internal environment variable that nginx uses for passing sockets [3] and is therefore not officially supported.
Instead of setting CapabilityBoundingSet and AmbientCapabilities , edit the service override to set the NGINX environment variable to tell nginx which file descriptors the sockets will be passed as:.
There will be one socket per listening port starting at file descriptor 3, so in this example we are telling nginx to expect two sockets. Now create a nginx. The sockets will be passed in the order defined in this unit, so port 80 will be file descriptor 3 and port will be file descriptor 4. If you previously enabled or started the service, you should now stop it, and enable nginx. When your system starts, nginx will not be running, but will be started when you access the website in a browser.
We can create a directory that user has write access to and place our PID file in there. An example using systemd-tmpfiles :. Edit the PID values based on the original nginx. It is not necessary to start the whole server to do that, nginx will do it on a simple configuration test.
So just run one of those and you are good to go. The step of running a configuration test will create a dangling root -owned log. Enable the created nginx. The PIDFile in unit file allows systemd to monitor process absolute path required. If it is undesired, you can change to default one-shot type, and delete the reference from the unit file.
Nginx has a rather unintuitive header management system where headers can only be defined in one context, any other headers are ignored. To remedy this we can install the headers-more-nginx module.
Edit the location parameter as below: default. Hope this helpful and happy coding. SonDang SonDang 1, 1 1 gold badge 11 11 silver badges 20 20 bronze badges. Waqleh Waqleh 8, 8 8 gold badges 62 62 silver badges 93 93 bronze badges. Olubodun Agbalaya Olubodun Agbalaya 3 3 silver badges 10 10 bronze badges. What worked for me with Ubuntu Uncomment the.
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Now live: A fully responsive profile. The support for the options table argument was first introduced in the v0. For short-lived connections, reusing SSL sessions can usually speed up the handshake by one order by magnitude but it is not so useful if the connection pool is enabled. This argument defaults to nil. If this argument takes the boolean false value, no SSL session userdata would return by this call and only a Lua boolean will be returned as the first return value; otherwise the current SSL session will always be returned as the first argument in case of successes.
This method is a synchronous operation that will not return until all the data has been flushed into the system socket send buffer or an error occurs.
In case of success, it returns the total number of bytes that have been sent. In case of any connection errors, this method always automatically closes the current connection.
In case of success, it returns the data received; in case of error, it returns nil with a string describing the error and the partial data received so far. If a number-like argument is specified including strings that look like numbers , then it is interpreted as a size. This method will not return until it reads exactly this size of data or an error occurs. If a non-number-like string argument is specified, then it is interpreted as a "pattern". The following patterns are supported:.
For other connection errors, this method always automatically closes the connection. If the received data is more than this size, this method will return with exactly this size of data. The remaining data in the underlying receive buffer could be returned in the next reading operation.
This method doesn't automatically close the current connection when the read timeout error occurs. This method returns an iterator Lua function that can be called to read the data stream until it sees the specified pattern or an error occurs.
Here is an example for using this method to read a data stream with the boundary sequence --abcedhb :. When called without any argument, the iterator function returns the received data right before the specified pattern string in the incoming data stream. So for the example above, if the incoming data stream is 'hello, world! In case of error, the iterator function will return nil along with a string describing the error and the partial data bytes that have been read so far.
The iterator function can be called multiple times and can be mixed safely with other cosocket method calls or other iterator function calls. The iterator function behaves differently i. That is, it will read that size of data on each invocation and will return nil at the last invocation either sees the boundary pattern or meets an error.
For the last successful invocation of the iterator function, the err return value will be nil too. The iterator function will be reset after the last successful invocation that returns nil data and nil error. Consider the following example:. Then for the incoming data stream 'hello, world! Note that, the actual data returned might be a little longer than the size limit specified by the size argument when the boundary pattern has ambiguity for streaming parsing.
Near the boundary of the data stream, the data string actually returned could also be shorter than the size limit. It is important here to call the settimeout method before calling the iterator function note that the receiveuntil call is irrelevant here. The following options are supported:. The inclusive takes a boolean value to control whether to include the pattern string in the returned data string.
Default to false. Closes the current TCP or stream unix domain socket. Note that there is no need to call this method on socket objects that have invoked the setkeepalive method because the socket object is already closed and the current connection is saved into the built-in connection pool.
Set the timeout value in milliseconds for subsequent socket operations connect , receive , and iterators returned from receiveuntil. Settings done by this method take priority over those specified via config directives i.
Respectively sets the connect, send, and read timeout thresholds in milliseconds for subsequent socket operations connect , send , receive , and iterators returned from receiveuntil. It is recommended to use settimeouts instead of settimeout. Its functionality is implemented v0. In case of success, it returns true. The option is a string with the option name, and the value depends on the option being set:.
Setting this option to true enables sending of keep-alive messages on connection-oriented sockets. Make sure the connect function had been called before, for example,. Enabling this option indicates that the rules used in validating addresses supplied in a call to bind should allow reuse of local addresses. Setting this option to true disables the Nagle's algorithm for the connection.
Sets the maximum socket send buffer in bytes. The kernel doubles this value to allow space for bookkeeping overhead when it is set using setsockopt. Sets the maximum socket receive buffer in bytes. NOTE: Once the option is set, it will become effective until the connection is closed.
If you know the connection is from the connection pool and all the in-pool connections already have called the setoption method with the desired socket option state, then you can just skip calling setoption again to avoid the overhead of repeated calls, for example,.
These options described above are supported in v0. Puts the current socket's connection immediately into the cosocket built-in connection pool and keep it alive until other connect method calls request it or the associated maximal idle timeout is expired. The first optional argument, timeout , can be used to specify the maximal idle timeout in milliseconds for the current connection. If the 0 value is given, then the timeout interval is unlimited.
The second optional argument size is considered deprecated since the v0. When this option takes effect no connection pool was previously created by connect , it will specify the size of the connection pool, and create it. The connection pool holds up to size alive connections ready to be reused by subsequent calls to connect , but note that there is no upper limit to the total number of opened connections outside of the pool.
In case of success, this method returns 1 ; otherwise, it returns nil and a string describing the error. When the system receive buffer for the current connection has unread data, then this method will return the "connection in dubious state" error message as the second return value because the previous session has unread data left behind for the next session and the connection is not safe to be reused.
This method also makes the current cosocket object enter the "closed" state, so there is no need to manually call the close method on it afterwards. This method returns the successfully reused times for the current connection. In case of error, it returns nil and a string describing the error.
If the current connection does not come from the built-in connection pool, then this method always returns 0 , that is, the connection has never been reused yet. If the connection comes from the connection pool, then the return value is always non-zero. So this method can also be used to determine if the current connection comes from the pool.
This function is a shortcut for combining ngx. It is actually implemented like this:. Spawns a new user "light thread" with the Lua function func as well as those optional arguments arg1 , arg2 , and etc.
Returns a Lua thread or Lua coroutine object represents this "light thread". Before ngx. After ngx. Such boilerplate "light thread" are also called "entry threads". By default, the corresponding Nginx handler e. When the user "light thread" terminates with a Lua error, however, it will not abort other running "light threads" like the "entry thread" does.
Due to the limitation in the Nginx subrequest model, it is not allowed to abort a running Nginx subrequest in general. So it is also prohibited to abort a running "light thread" that is pending on one ore more Nginx subrequests. You must call ngx. A notable exception here is that you can abort pending subrequests by calling ngx.
ERROR -1 , , , or The "light threads" are not scheduled in a pre-emptive way. In other words, no time-slicing is performed automatically. A "light thread" will keep running exclusively on the CPU until. User "light threads" can create "light threads" themselves.
And normal user coroutines created by coroutine. The coroutine be it a normal Lua coroutine or a "light thread" that directly spawns the "light thread" is called the "parent coroutine" for the "light thread" newly spawned.
The "parent coroutine" can call ngx. You can call coroutine. The following example demonstrates the use of coroutine. Waits on one or more child "light threads" and returns the results of the first "light thread" that terminates either successfully or with an error. The arguments thread1 , thread2 , and etc are the Lua thread objects returned by earlier calls of ngx. The return values have exactly the same meaning as coroutine.
Only the direct "parent coroutine" can wait on its child "light thread", otherwise a Lua exception will be raised. The following example demonstrates the use of ngx. Kills a running "light thread" created by ngx. Returns a true value when successful or nil and a string describing the error otherwise.
According to the current implementation, only the parent coroutine or "light thread" can kill a thread. Also, a running "light thread" with pending Nginx subrequests initiated by ngx. Registers a user Lua function as the callback which gets called automatically when the client closes the downstream connection prematurely. Returns 1 if the callback is registered successfully or returns nil and a string describing the error otherwise.
All the Nginx API for Lua can be used in the callback function because the function is run in a special "light thread", just as those "light threads" created by ngx. The callback function can decide what to do with the client abortion event all by itself. For example, it can simply ignore the event by doing nothing and the current Lua request handler will continue executing without interruptions. And the callback function can also decide to terminate everything by calling ngx.
According to the current implementation, this function can only be called once in a single request handler; subsequent calls will return the error message "duplicate call". Creates an Nginx timer with a user callback function as well as optional user arguments. The first argument, delay , specifies the delay for the timer, in seconds. One can specify fractional seconds like 0. The second argument, callback , can be any Lua function, which will be invoked later in a background "light thread" after the delay specified.
Premature timer expiration happens when the Nginx worker process is trying to shut down, as in an Nginx configuration reload triggered by the HUP signal or in an Nginx server shutdown. When the Nginx worker is trying to shut down, one can no longer call ngx. When a timer expires, the user Lua code in the timer callback is running in a "light thread" detached completely from the original request creating the timer.
So objects with the same lifetime as the request creating them, like cosockets , cannot be shared between the original request and the timer user callback function. One can also create infinite re-occurring timers, for instance, a timer getting triggered every 5 seconds, by calling ngx. Here is such an example,. It is recommended, however, to use the ngx. Because timer callbacks run in the background and their running time will not add to any client request's response time, they can easily accumulate in the server and exhaust system resources due to either Lua programming mistakes or just too much client traffic.
To prevent extreme consequences like crashing the Nginx server, there are built-in limitations on both the number of "pending timers" and the number of "running timers" in an Nginx worker process. The "pending timers" here mean timers that have not yet been expired and "running timers" are those whose user callbacks are currently running.
DICT , user coroutines coroutine. But the subrequest API like ngx. You must notice that each timer will be based on a fake request this fake request is also based on a fake connection. Because Nginx's memory release is based on the connection closure, if you run a lot of APIs that apply for memory resources in a timer, such as tcpsock:connect , will cause the accumulation of memory resources.
So it is recommended to create a new timer after running several times to release memory resources. You can pass most of the standard Lua values nils, booleans, numbers, strings, tables, closures, file handles, and etc into the timer callback, either explicitly as user arguments or implicitly as upvalues for the callback closure. There are several exceptions, however: you cannot pass any thread objects returned by coroutine. If you try to share the thread or cosocket objects across the boundary of the creating request, then you will get the "no co ctx found" error for threads or "bad request" for cosockets.
It is fine, however, to create all these objects inside your timer callback. Please note that the timer Lua handler has its own copy of the ngx. It won't share the same ngx. If you need to pass data from the timer creator to the timer handler, please use the extra parameters of ngx. Like ngx. When success, returns a "conditional true" value but not a true. Otherwise, returns a "conditional false" value and a string describing the error.
This string field indicates the Nginx subsystem the current Lua environment is based on. For this module, this field always takes the string value "http". This boolean field indicates whether the current Nginx is a debug build, i. Returns the Nginx server "prefix" path, as determined by the -p command-line option when running the Nginx executable, or the path specified by the --prefix command-line option when building Nginx with the. This field take an integral value indicating the version number of the current Nginx core being used.
For example, the version number 1. This function returns a string for the Nginx. For example, the version number 0. This function returns a boolean value indicating whether the current Nginx worker process already starts exiting. Nginx worker process exiting happens on Nginx server quit or configuration reload aka HUP reload.
This API is more efficient than ngx. Returns the total number of the Nginx worker processes i. Returns the ordinal number of the current Nginx worker processes starting from number 0. So if the total number of workers is N , then this method may return a number between 0 and N - 1 inclusive.
This function returns meaningful values only for Nginx 1. With earlier versions of Nginx, it always returns nil. This is a Lua module that implements a classic-style semaphore API for efficient synchronizations among different "light threads". Please refer to the documentation for this ngx.
Usually, this module is used together with the ngx. For example, the following set-misc-nginx-module directives can be invoked this way:. Similarly, the following directives provided by encrypted-session-nginx-module can be invoked from within Lua too:.
Similar to the standard Lua coroutine. Resumes the execution of a user Lua coroutine object previously yielded or just created.
Identical to the standard Lua coroutine. This API is still experimental and may change in the future without notice. Wrap the nginx worker thread to execute lua function. The caller coroutine would yield until the function returns. The module must be inside the package path, e. The ok is in boolean type, which indicate the C land error failed to get thread from thread pool, pcall the module function failed,.
If ok is false , the res1 is the error string. The return values res1, Normally, the res1 should be in boolean type, so that the caller could inspect the error. This section is just holding obsolete documentation sections that have been either renamed or removed so that existing links over the web are still valid. This section has been renamed to Special Escaping Sequences. This section has been renamed to LuaJIT bytecode support.
As of version v0. Skip to content. Star 9. Branches Tags. Could not load branches. Could not load tags. Latest commit. Git stats 3, commits. Failed to load latest commit information. Oct 25, May 2, Jan 24, Nov 16, Nov 15, Jul 25, Nov 2, Revert "tweaked. Nov 25, Oct 7, Nov 23, Sep 20, Apr 23, View code. DICT ngx. You can get usually those options using command nginx -V you can change the parallelism number 2 below to fit the number of spare CPU cores in your machine.
ERROR else ngx. OK 0 ngx. ERROR - 1 ngx. AGAIN - 2 ngx. DONE - 4 ngx. EMERG ngx. ALERT ngx. CRIT ngx. ERR ngx. WARN ngx. INFO ngx. Foo: bar Foo: baz. Host: localhost Connection: close Foo: bar. Foo: foo Foo: bar Foo: baz. Foo: a Foo: abc. ERR , " error: " , err return end ngx. D enable duplicate named pattern support.
This allows named subpattern names to be repeated, returning the captures in an array-like Lua table. ERR , " error: " , err return end.
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